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The volt-ampere characteristic of a clamping devices is generally time-dependent as the large increase in current results in the device dissipating a lot of energy.Ĭrowbar devices are another type of transient suppression device which diverts over voltage spikes away from a circuit as a result of a switching type turn-on action. The result is an apparent clamping of the transient voltage. However, when a voltage transient occurs, the impedance of the device changes increasing the current drawn through the device as the voltage across it rises. Under normal steady-state operating conditions, the device offers a high impedance and has therefore no effect on the connected circuit. These parallel connected devices exhibit a nonlinear impedance characteristic as the current flowing through them is not linear to the voltage across their terminals as given by Ohms Law.Ī voltage-clamping device such as an MOV, has a variable impedance depending on the current flowing through the device or on the voltage across its terminal. A good example of transient attenuators are mains filtered extension cords.ĭiverting a transient is usually accomplished using a voltage-clamping type device or by using what are commonly called a crowbar type device. When a voltage transient occurs it is usually a fast moving, high frequency spike so the filter attenuates or blocks this high frequency transient while still allowing the low frequency power or signal component to continue undisturbed.
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Transient suppression devices can be used in series with the load to either attenuate or reduce the energy value of a transient preventing its propagation through a circuit, or they can be used in parallel with the load to divert the transient away, usually to ground, and so limit or clamp the residual voltage.Īttenuation of a voltage transient is usually accomplished using low-pass filters connected in series with the load circuit. Discrete semiconductor transient suppression devices such as the Metal-oxide Varistor, or MOV, are by far the most common as they are available in a variety of energy absorbing and voltage ratings making it possible to exercise tight control over unwanted and potentially destructive transients or over voltage spikes. Transient suppression devices can take on many forms from arc contacts, to filters, to solid state semiconductor devices.
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Either way, transients are bad as they can damage electronic equipment and therefore need to be suppressed and controlled. We must also realise that voltage transients do not always start at zero volts or at the beginning of a cycle, but can be superimposed onto another voltage level.
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This high dv/dt transient switching spike can exist either for a very short period of time (milli-seconds or micro-seconds), or they can occur every so often over short periods of time, for example randomly two or three times a day. This sudden release of energy back into the circuit due to some switching action creates a transient voltage spike in the form of a steep impulse of energy which can in theory be of any infinite value. Transients are very steep voltage steps that occur in electrical circuits due to the sudden release of a previously stored energy, either inductive or capacitive, which results in a high voltage transient, or surge being created. These inductive switching voltage transients can reach the 1,000’s of volts. The rapidly collapsing of its magnetic field induces a transient voltage which becomes superimposed onto the steady-state supply. These inductive switching transients occur when some form of inductive or reactive load, such as a motor, a solenoid coil or a relay coil, is suddenly switched off.
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However, the switching of AC inductive loads or the switching of DC relay contacts and DC motors as part of a micro-controller project all combine to produce a quality of power supply that is difficult to maintain. We would like to think that the AC or DC power supplies we use to power our circuits are both clean and well-regulated supplies.